Introduction Linux firewall management has evolved significantly over the years, with iptables being the traditional standard for configuring packet filtering rules. However, with the introduction of the nftables framework in Linux kernel 3.13 and beyond, a more modern and efficient alternative is now available. As of recent Linux distributions—such as Debian 10+, Ubuntu 20.04+, and CentOS/RHEL
Introduction Powering up a cloud instance is a routine task in managing virtual infrastructure. Instances may be stopped for maintenance, to conserve resources, or due to billing limits. The Customer Portal offers a convenient interface to manage these actions without needing technical support. This guide explains how to power up a cloud instance using the
Introduction Certificates are used in pfSense to secure connections such as VPNs, HTTPS access to the web interface, and internal services. These certificates have expiration dates, and if they are not renewed before expiry, services like OpenVPN can stop working. For example, OpenVPN Connect may show the following error if the certificate has expired or
❓ FAQ: Upgrading from CentOS 6 to CentOS Stream 10 (or Alternatives) Can I upgrade directly from CentOS 6 to CentOS Stream 10? No, a direct upgrade from CentOS 6 to CentOS Stream 10 is not supported. You will need to perform a fresh installation and migrate your applications and data manually. ⚠️ Important Note:
Introduction Monitoring system reboots is a critical part of managing and maintaining server uptime and stability. On Linux-based systems, unexpected or unplanned reboots can result from hardware issues, kernel panics, system crashes, power failures, or administrative errors. Identifying the cause and time of such reboots is essential for troubleshooting and improving system reliability. One of
Introduction Name servers play a pivotal role in the Domain Name System (DNS), acting as the bridge between human-readable domain names and machine-understandable IP addresses. Each name server typically has an associated IP address that DNS resolvers use to query domain records. In situations such as server migration, network restructuring, or IP deprecation, updating the
Why Your WebSocket Connection to the GPU Server Keeps Disconnecting Here are the most likely reasons for disconnections—and practical solutions: Common Causes & Fixes 1. Idle Timeout from Load Balancers or Proxies Many environments (Cloudflare, Koyeb, etc.) automatically terminate idle WebSocket connections after a set period—often 100–120 seconds, even when the connection appears active. What
IP ServerOne Filesystem Overview Do IP ServerOne data centers use Btrfs or another filesystem? For compatibility and stability, we deploy ext4 or XFS at the server level. These are mature, proven filesystems widely supported across the hosting industry. Meanwhile, our SAN storage infrastructure delivers advanced capabilities such as snapshots, compression, and deduplication at the backend.
Introduction Secure file transfer is essential for system administrators, developers, and IT professionals handling sensitive data across networks. Among the most commonly used tools for this purpose are SCP (Secure Copy Protocol) and rsync, both relying on SSH (Secure Shell) to provide encrypted, authenticated communication between hosts. Who uses these tools: Primarily network administrators, DevOps
Introduction Exim is a widely used mail transfer agent (MTA) on Unix-like systems, known for its flexibility and high configurability. One of its core components is the mail queue, which temporarily stores email messages waiting to be delivered. Over time, especially on busy mail servers or misconfigured systems, the mail queue can become congested with